♫ VOA Learning English - Education Report # 393

Vocabulary	Pronunciation	Meaning
costly(adj)	/ˈkɒs(t)li/	(costlier, costliest) costing a lot; expensive:major problems requiring costly repairs causing suffering, loss, or disadvantage:the government’s biggest and most costly mistake
associate(v)	/əˈsəʊʃɪeɪt, -sɪeɪt/	[with object] (often associate someone/thing with) connect (someone or something) with something else in one’s mind:I associated wealth with freedom
initiative(n)	/ɪˈnɪʃɪətɪv, -ʃə-/	·  1 [mass noun] the ability to assess and initiate things independently:use your initiative, imagination, and common sense ·  2 [in singular] the power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do:anti-hunting groups have seized the initiative in the dispute
agriculture(n)	/ˈagrɪkʌltʃə/	·  the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

♫ Learning log4 (outside classroom)

The Silent Way represents Gattegno's venture into the field of foreign language teaching. It is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom and the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible. Elements of the Silent Way, particularly the use of colour charts and the coloured cuisenaire rods, grew out of Gattegno's previous experience as an educational designer of reading and mathematics programs.

                                  

                         The Silent Way shares a great deal with other learning theories and educational philosophies. Very broadly put, the learning hypotheses underlying Gattegno's work could be stated as follows:

1)  Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned.

2)     Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects.

3)    Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned.

                        Let us consider each of these issues in turn.

1. The educational psychologist and philosopher Jerome Bruner distinguishes two traditions of teaching - that which takes place in the expository mode and that which takes place in the hypothetical mode. In the expository mode "decisions covering the mode and pace and style of exposition are principally determined by the teacher as expositor; the student is the listener." In the hypothetical mode "the teacher and the student are in a more cooperative position. The student is not a bench-bound listener, but is taking part in the "play the principal role in it"

The Silent Way belongs to the latter tradition, which views learning as a problem-solving, creative, discovering activity, in which the learner is a principal actor rather than a bench-bound listener.

2. The rods and the coded-coded pronunciation charts (called Fidel charts) provide physical foci for student learning and also create mem­orable images to facilitate student recall. In psychological terms, these visual devices serve as associative mediators for student learning and recall. The psychological literature on mediation in learning and recall is voluminous but, for our purposes, can be briefly summarized in a quote from Earl Stevick.

 3. The Silent Way is also related to a set of premises that we have called "problem-solving approaches to learning." These premises are succinctly represented in the words of Benjamin Franklin:

                    To sum up, I think this article  is very good for English language teacher.   If  you  Know  about  the Silent Way  , you  can  teach  english or  other  subject  well.

♫ Learning log 4

On June 24  2013, I learned about teaching methods . I listened to my friends's present five methods.

           First, Pronunciation  teaching  is one of the key constituents of success while learning and teaching a foreign language. Various techniques may be used by teachers to teach their students how to speak and pronounce correctly the sounds. Some teachers focus their attention on teaching specific sounds of a foreign language; usually these sounds are those that are uncommon for the learners’ native language. Other teachers may pay more attention to the whole process of speaking rather than concentrating on certain sounds. In this case, teaching speaking is a complex process, during which a learner is studying how to use the words that are learned in oral speech while learning their correct pronunciation. However, some scientific researches prove that “fluency-oriented training is clearly more helpful than a more segmental

          Second, Culture is a broad concept that embraces all aspects of human life. Culture isn't just a list of religious traditions, or language. It is a lived experience unique to each individual. Language without cultural relevance is nearly useless. Yet successfully teaching the cultural element in our foreign language classes remains elusive. In general, culture emphasizes the learner's ability to perceive, to understand, and ultimately, to accept cultural relativity.

            Third, Test specification teaching, Evaluation of the language in this period will be assessed according to Jing. No evaluation of the test.  Evaluation of  language resources given technology, comparing different approaches to a given problem, assessing the availability of resources and technologies for a given application. Language resources include language data and descriptions in machine readable form used to assist such as written or spoken, grammars, dictionaries, etc, as well as basic software tools for their preparation, management, and use.

       Fourth, Communicative language teaching makes use of real-life situations that necessitate communication. The teacher sets up a situation that students are likely to encounter in real life. Unlike the audio-lingual  method of language teaching, which relies on repetition and drills, the communicative approach can leave students in suspense as to the outcome of a class exercise, which will vary according to their reactions and responses. The real-life simulations change from day to day. Students' motivation to learn comes from their desire to communicate in meaningful ways about meaningful topics. This  method focus on interactive between teacher to student, student to teacher and student to student. Interactive between teacher to students is teacher should ask the question then student can answer the question. Interactive between students to teacher is the student can express their opinion. Interactive between student to student is they are interactive by group work or pair work.

         Lastly, Communicative competences are are four kinds of competence: Linguistics or grammatical competence is teaching pronounce, vocabulary, and structure of grammar, Sociolinguistics competence is language with other culture, Discourse competence is reading for interpret and Strategic competence is how to solve the problem in listening, speaking, reading and writing.

          In conclusion,There are important five  methods to English language teacher. student should learn about this.After my friend present I understand the method and know meaning about method.

♫ VOA : special English - Education report

Vocabulary	Pronunciation	Meaning
require(v)	rɪˈkwʌɪə/	need for a particular purpose:three patients required operations
executive(adj)	/ɪgˈzɛkjʊtɪv, ɛg-/	relating to or having the power to put plans or actions into effect: an executive chairmanexecutive authority .
Quality(n)	/ˈkwɒlɪti/	[mass noun] the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something:an improvement in product quality
descriptive       (adj)	/dɪˈskrɪptɪv/	serving or seeking to describe:the text contains some good descriptive pass

♫ Learning log 3 (outside classroom)

The four steps of the writing process are: prewriting, writing, revising, and proofreading.

              PreWriting - Whatever type of writing a student is attempting, the prewriting stage can be the most important. This is when students gather their information, and begin to organize it into a cohesive unit. This process can include reading, taking notes, brainstorming, and categorizing information. Prewriting is the most creative step and most students develop a preferred way to organize their thoughts. Stream of consciousness writing, graphic organizers, outlines, or note cards are popular techniques.

                Writing -The actual writing stage is essentially just an extension of the prewriting process. The student transfers the information they have gathered and organized into a traditional format. This may take the shape of a simple paragraph, a one-page essay, or a multi-page report. Up until this stage, they may not be exactly certain which direction their ideas will go, but this stage allows them to settle on the course the paper will take. Teaching about writing can sometimes be as simple as evaluation good literature together, and exploring what makes the piece enjoyable or effective. It also involves helping a student choose topics for writing based on their personal interests. Modeling the writing process in front of your child also helps them see that even adults struggle for words and have to work at putting ideas together.

               Revising, or editing is usually the least favourite stage of the writing process, especially for beginning writers. Critiquing one’s own writing can easily create tension and frustration. But as you support your young writers, remind them that even the most celebrated authors spend the majority of their time on this stage of the writing process. Revising can include adding, deleting, rearranging and substituting words, sentences, and even entire paragraphs to make their writing more accurately represent their ideas. It is often not a one-time event, but a continual process as the paper progresses. When teaching revision, be sure to allow your child time to voice aloud the problems they see in their writing.

              Proofreading - This is a chance for the writer to scan his or her paper for mistakes in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Although it can be tempting for parents to perform this stage of the writing process for the child, it is important that they gain proofreading skills for themselves as this improves a student’s writing over time. And because children want their writing to be effective, this can actually be the most opportune to teach some of the standard rules of grammar and punctuation.

               To sum up, I think this article is very good for English language teacher.   It has development in use writing process   for   education of schools and universities.

♫ Learning log 3

On June 17  2013, I learned about teaching methods . I listened to my friends's present six methods.             

First,Content Based Learning is a study of both language acquisition and subject matter. Instead of teaching language in isolation, the target language becomes the medium in which important information can be learned. When the students are studying a content area of interest (i.e. snakes, the Holocaust, immigration, etc), they are more intrinsically motivated to learn both the content and the language simultaneously. The students are actually able to use their new language. Content Based Learning is most appropriate at intermediate and advanced proficiency levels.

Second, Listening is the language modality that is used most frequently. It has been estimated that adults spend almost half their communication time listening, and students may receive as much as 90% of their in-school information through listening to instructors and to one another. Often, however, language learners do not recognize the level of effort that goes into developing listening ability.

Third,Teaching Speaking Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.

Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:

· Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation

· Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building)

· Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.

                Fourth, Reading teaching are two types of Reading aloud and Silent Reading. Reading aloud to practice their reading accuracy and fluency in pronunciation. Silent Reading is to read to get to know and understand what they read with a purpose. Reading skills in English is a skill that can be trained to the learner and abilities better. Teachers should have the knowledge and techniques for teaching reading skills to students. Reading aloud technique 1. Basic Steps of Teaching 2. Reading for Fluency 3. Reading and Look up 4. Speed Reading 5. Reading for Accuracy, Silent Reading technique has the same characteristics as the listening skills it have 3 forms 1. Pre-Reading (personalization, Predicting) 2. While-Reading (Practice = matching, ordering, completing, correcting, deciding, supplying/indentifying) 3. Post-listening (Test)            

               Fifth, Writing teacning, Writing skills need to start by creating a system of writing from Controlled Writing to Less Controlled Writing and to Free Writing. Teachers should have the knowledge and techniques teaching Writing skills.Writing skill focus on Fluency, Accuracy, Vocabulary, Grammar, Pattern Content. Writing technique has three method 1. Controlled Writing (Copying, Re-ordering Words, Changing forms of Certain words) 2. Less – Controlled Writing (Sentence Combining, Describing, Questions and Answers Composition, Parallel Writing, Dictation) 3. Free Writing (Free write, Idea, Imagination )       

                   Last, Teaching vocabulary teach guessing vocabulary in context. A group of researchers said learning to learn vocabulary from the vocabulary guess from the story. But It has a group of researchers who think differently is. The vocabularies guess it does not make learning real. Teachers have a very important role in order to use the technique in teaching vocabulary to help the students learn vocabulary such as Using games or music to teach vocabulary, it's making the students interested and memorize.

                      In conclusion,There are important six  methods to English language teacher. student should learn about this.After my friend present I understand the method and know meaning about method

♫ VOA : Iron, Vitamin D May Lead to Smarter, Healthier Children

Vocabulary	Pronunciation		Meaning
pregnant (adj)	/ˈprɛgnənt/	- ตั้งครรภ์ - (of a woman or female animal) having a child or young developing in the uterus Ex . she was heavily pregnant with her second child
nervous (adj)	/ˈnəːvəs/		- หงุดหงิด - easily agitated or alarmed Ex. he’s nervous of speaking in public
supplement (n)	/ˈsʌplɪm(ə)nt/		- เสริม -  a thing added to something else in order to complete or enhance it Ex. The handout is a supplement to the official manual
neurological (adj)	/-rəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/		- เกี่ยวกับระบบประสาท -  the branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system.

♫ Learning Log 2

                In class today,   I have learnt about teaching methods.  Each method has a different approach. Teacher wants me to know meaning, approaches and   teaching strategies of methods.  My friends present   three approaches. There are Belief, Task based learning and Project based learning.

           First, Belief is very important to the teacher. It will help an English language teacher very much. There are three most important beliefs: (1) about language learning, (2) about learners, and (3) about themselves as language teachers.  Language teachers have discipline to beliefs. Teachers understand learners and find ways for teach   learners to understand the content.

          Second, Task Based Learning is taught through the activities. It help the students to learn by working.  With the aim to give the students an understanding of the skills and concepts together in a group. And  offered out in the language of the learners themselves. If the learner is new knowledge. Was considered a success in learning.

          Finally, Project based learning is focused on student-centered learning.   This method  learners   can operation real  for  study of information, survey, research and experiment. Teachers are motivated, advice and consulting to students.

         To sum up, There are important  three  methods to English language teacher. My friends presented   three  methods.   I do not understand the meaning and methods of  teaching clear.  Teacher recommend  that next time we must be present  a content  clear and   understand their own content.

♫ Talking by using English

Talking with my friend by using English.

♫ VOA : What Teachers Think of the Digital Age

Vocabulary	Pronunciation		Meaning
attention (n)	/əˈtɛnʃ(ə)n/	- โรคสมาธิ                - the act  of fixing  your  mind on  something Ex . A child is spoiled by too much attention.
distracted (adj)	/dɪˈstraktɪd/		- ไม่มีสมาธิ, -  unable to concentrate because one is preoccupied by something worrying or unpleasant Ex. Charlotte seemed too distracted to give him much attention.
literacy (n)	/ˈlɪt(ə)rəsi/		- ความสามารถในการอ่านและเขียน -  the ability to read and write Ex. A  campaign  to  promote adult  literacy.
trust (v)	/trʌst/		- วางใจ,คาดหวัง -  believe in the reliability, truth, or ability of. Ex .  I should never have trusted her.
judge(n) (v)	/dʒʌdʒ/		- ตัดสิน - form an opinion or conclusion about Ex . A  production can be judged according to the canons of aesthetic criticism.